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Friday 31 July 2015

Tom Raworth: Shadows

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Mark Rothko, Untitled (Black on Grey), 1970 | by ekenitr

Untitled (Black on Gray): Mark Rothko (1903-1970), 1970: photo by ekenitr, 1 March 2015
 

once upon a time is no more
in the dark each page
seems written upon
light dawns
a high ceiling is not wasted space


Tom Raworth: Shadows, from Collected Poems, 2003
 


"Expired" expired film: Image made with expired film ("a roll of a roll of Kodak Plus-X 127 film, expired October 1953, shot through a Brownie Holiday at Zion National Park"): photo by Moominsean via moominstuff, 5 September 2006


"Expired" expired film: Image made with expired film ("a roll of a roll of Kodak Plus-X 127 film, expired October 1953, shot through a Brownie Holiday at Zion National Park"): photo by Moominsean via moominstuff, 5 September 2006


"Expired" expired film: Image made with expired film ("a roll of a roll of Kodak Plus-X 127 film, expired October 1953, shot through a Brownie Holiday at Zion National Park"): photo by Moominsean via moominstuff, 5 September 2006
 
Mark Rothko, Untitled (Black on Grey), 1970 | by ekenitr

Untitled (Black on Gray): Mark Rothko (1903-1970), 1970, oil on canvas: photo by ekenitr, 1 March 2015


Celestograph I (The Full Moon): photo by August Strindberg, 1893-94 (Manuscript collections, National Library of Sweden)

“I have worked like a devil and have traced the movements of the moon and the real appearance of the firmament on a laid-out photographic plate, independent from our misleading eye. I have done this without a camera and without a lens. [...] The photographic plate showed an area full of moons. Certainly, every spot on the photographic plate reflects a moon. The camera misleads as the eye does and the tube hoaxes the astronomers!”

-- August Strindberg: from a letter to Bengt Lidforss, a physiologist, 26 December 1893, quoted in Traces of/by nature: August Strindberg's photographic experiments of the 1890s: Katharina Steidl (2010)


The celestographs or coelestographs are photos of the sky taken without camera or lens. The plates were directly exposed to the night sky for some time and then developed. The plates are now lost and only prints remain. August Strindberg thought he had captured the stars, so he called the photos celestographs.
 
The series was taken during the winter of 1893-1894 in Dornach in Austria where Strindberg was staying with his wife Frida Uhl.
 
Strindberg distrusted lenses and thought they gave a distorted rendering of reality. The celestographs were therefore an attempt to produce a more objective view of stars and planets. He sent the prints to the French Astronomical Society, where they were discussed.

-- National Library of Sweden



 
Celestograph IV: The Sun: photo by August Strindberg, 1893-94 (Manuscript collections, National Library of Sweden)



Celestograph VI: Starry Sky: photo by August Strindberg, 1893-94 (Manuscript collections, National Library of Sweden)


Celestograph VII: Stars: photo by August Strindberg, 1893-94 (Manuscript collections, National Library of Sweden)



Celestograph VIII: Stars. Region of  Orion: photo by August Strindberg, 1893-94 (Manuscript collections, National Library of Sweden)
 
At the museum - Mark Rothko | by catheadsix

No. 14: Mark Rothko (1903-1970), 1960, oil on canvas: photo by Catherine, 21 October 2008

Mark Rothko (1903,Dvinsk - 1970,New York), Untitled [Black, Red over Black on Red], det-1964 | by michellecourteau

Untitled (Black, Red over Black) (detail): Mark Rothko (1903-1970), 1970, oil on canvas (Gemeente Museum, Den Haag): photo by Michelle @c, 3 January 2013
 

Parting shot from the #RockyFire. Headed back to SJSU.: image via SJSU FireWeatherLab@FireWeatherLab, 30 July 2015

Mark Rothko (1903,Dvinsk - 1970,New York), Untitled [Black, Red over Black on Red], det-1964 | by michellecourteau

Untitled (Black, Red over Black), (detail): Mark Rothko (1903-1970), 1970, oil on canvas (Gemeente Museum, Den Haag): photo by Michelle @c, 3 January 2013

Five get high in Hove | by Tabellion

Tom and Val Raworth, Hove, 13 July 2015: photo by Tabellion from Five Get High in Hove via Tom Raworth: Notes, 15 July 2015

Thursday 30 July 2015

Red Shuttleworth: Three Poems from the Bone-Dry West

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Photo by Red Shuttleworth, 8 July 2015

Before the Hand of

Spilled beer and Jesus-platitudes,
road-twisted cheap-brass rodeo trophy buckle...
And the pickup rattles... fencing tools and crushed beer cans.

Red wildfire-sun,
three roadside crosses in one downhill mile,
illegal burn barrel with a smokin' garden hose....

It's a drought-year nothin'.
Just sit sullen on a padded oak rockin' chair...
fire a nickel-plated seven-inch Colt revolver,
all the .45 rounds you can afford, into a neighbor's
center pivot section of gene-combo corn.

 
Before the Hand of: Red Shuttleworth, from Poet Red Shuttleworth, 8 July 2013
 

Photo by Red Shuttleworth, 14 July 2015
 
Collapse of Stacked-Up Details

You dream rattlers...
drinking caffeine-rich soda pop
from your dog's stainless steel supper bowl.

Dry grass... wildfire-weeks...
you quick-buy a nebulizer.

The Wolfhound wants to sit
for a strip of old-style photo booth portraits...
wants you to plunk the last car-change
quarters into some chewing-gummed slot.

A best friend drops into a diabetic blackout
while driving home with Chinese take-out,
crashes into a parked dildo-Lexus... totals it.
Not much later comes the small stroke...
loss of vision in the left eye...
the one that best saw a ninety-plus
baseball coming 60-feet from the bump.

Blue haze... mourning doves
forever in nonlinear time and space...
wildfire smoke and bird-screech.

Age seventy's residue....
You're just another dust devil.

 
Collapse of Stacked-Up Details: Red Shuttleworth, from Poet Red Shuttleworth, 14 July 2013




Photo by Red Shuttleworth, 12 July 2015

The Core of Our Moon is Iron

Miles traveled are points in the game of mistakes.
The sun rises bronzy... soon turns brimstone-yellow.

The little faces the sky makes jiggle and jump...
and it's a joke for some dry-humor god.

And within recall:
the rumble of fractured bottom ground,
rock climbing rock to new elevation.

Lily skin, lavender shawl, tight greenish jeans,
Go... we should go somewhere.  She also said,

Nobody really feeds the heart-sprawled...
certainly not little banjo players.  On the corners.

You sit, flask of bourbon-water: the sun thrill-rises sulfuric
through basalt dust and grass-fire, sagebrush smoke.

 
The Core of Our Moon is Iron: Red Shuttleworth, from Poet Red Shuttleworth, 12 July 2013



 
Photo by Red Shuttleworth, 29 June 2015

 
Photo by Red Shuttleworth, 28 June 2015


 
Photo by Red Shuttleworth, 23 June 2015
 


Photo by Red Shuttleworth, 24 June 2015
 

Photo by Red Shuttleworth, 21 June 2015
 

Photo by Red Shuttleworth, 20 June 2015



Photo by Red Shuttleworth, 17 June 2015
 

Photo by Red Shuttleworth, 22 June 2015



Photo by Red Shuttleworth, 20 June 2015

Wednesday 29 July 2015

Cecil the Lion, Meet Man the Killer

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Only a monster could kill such a majestic beautiful animal we share this world with. RIP #CecilTheLion: image via mike @WhiskeySoured, 28 July 2015

The hunter who killed Cecil the Lion doesn't deserve our empathy: Rose George, The Guardian,  29 July 2015

We love a good fight, don’t we? Enter Walter J Palmer, a tanned dentist from Minnesota, with a bow and arrow. Along comes Cecil the lion, the alpha male of his pride, minding his own business being the best-known and most beloved lion in Zimbabwe if not in Africa, as well as the subject of an Oxford University study.  Then Cecil is shot with a bow and arrow, taking 40 hours to die, all because Palmer thought killing a magnificent animal was sporty.

I read the story of Cecil’s killing and my education and intellect deserted me for a minute. I felt only disgust and rage, somewhat inarticulately. I feel no calmness about big-game hunters. I am not persuaded by their justifications, which can be easily punctured with buckshot. Trophy hunting contributes to conservation, they say: when the Dallas Safari Club auctioned the right to kill an endangered Namibian black rhino, it said the $350,000 winning bounty -- they called it a “bid” -- went towards conservation efforts in Namibia. There are only 5,000 black rhinos left.

The population of African lions has been reduced by 50% in the last three decades, says the International Fund for Animal Welfare, and there are now only 32,000. Elephants, leopards, polar bears and giraffes are all hunted for “sport” too. Shooting an endangered species and calling it sustainable is like waving a fan and thinking you’re helping to stop global warming.


Embedded image permalink

Rebecca Francis accuses Ricky Gervais of using ‘influence’ to target female hunters
: image via The Independent @independent, 15 April 2015

In April, after Ricky Gervais tweeted a picture of the blonde, pretty Rebecca Francis lying next to a dead giraffe she had just shot, the internet went ape. Arguably, it went more ape than it would have if she hadn’t been female, and you can find plenty of earnest essays about how women have the right to be big-game hunters without getting an online hounding. I don’t care what gender she was. I care that afterwards, she declared that she had done a good thing. 

The giraffe was elderly, she wrote, and was going to die soon. By shooting him, she had honoured his life by making his body useful to locals: his tail could make jewellery and his bones could make “other things”. “I’m no game biologist,” she wrote, but “there is no question that hunters contribute the most to the welfare of wildlife.”

Follow this argument further and you reach the reasoning that poaching and trafficking do more harm than big-game hunting. True. Wildlife trafficking is worth $7-10bn, and is the fifth most profitable illegal market worldwide. Yet in many countries where poaching is rampant, policing is patchy and punishment often nothing more than a fine. Yes, poaching is more damaging than trophy hunting. Murder is worse than grievous bodily harm, technically, but I’m comfortable strongly objecting to both.

But violently objecting to hunters can be almost as bad as hunting. Most public displays of big-game hunting attract fury and sometimes death threats, as Palmer has been subjected to since his identity was revealed. The fact that African countries such as Namibia and Zimbabwe sell licences to shoot their own big game gets less attention.

Palmer is said to be “quite upset,” but only because he got the wrong lion. He blamed his guides for this, rather than his own bizarre and repellent desire to augment his own self-worth (somewhat damaged, now, by a campaign to shut down his dental practice) by killing another creature. Francis was compelled to release a statement saying that she “couldn’t understand how people who claim to be so loving and caring for animals can turn around and threaten to murder and rape my children.”

Let’s not turn Palmer and Francis into trophies too, repugnant though their actions are. I don’t want to understand them or empathise. I’d rather not attempt to comprehend the inexplicable act that is the murder of animals for fun. But trophy hunting is about something bigger than that: an assumption that all animals are at our service, and ignoring the fact that we are just clever animals too.

Here is a product of my superior animal brain: a plan. If you’re going to pay $50,000 towards conservation efforts by shooting a lion, then give the money and don’t shoot. Preserving life, by killing fewer animals –- now that would be worth a trophy.



Zimbabwe's 'iconic' #CecilTheLIon killed by hunter: image via NewsDay @NewsDayZimbabwe, 29 July 2015

The absence of a predatory instinct in the great ape's genetic makeup was always going to be a problem once the descent from the trees to the forest floor had taken place. Paleolithic man compensated for this lack by displacing patterns of intra-species aggression and redirecting them toward other species. 
Thus was born hunting, a conduct in which the characteristics of an equal are projected upon the prey, which thus becomes an "enemy". Killing your enemy is OK. From animal sacrifice, in turn, is born religion.

This is the thesis of Walter Burkert in his profound study of ancient Greek myth and religion, Homo Necans: the Anthropology of Ancient Greek Sacrificial Ritual and Myth (1992).

Homo Necans means man the killer. Short sentence. Capital offense.

You might say that's putting a fine point on it. Or then again you might say, well, that's just connecting the dots.



can't believe this man counted it as valor to lure #CecilTheLIon out of his protective home and kill him. #Cowardice: image via MC HAMMER @MCHammer, 28 July 2015

#CecilTheLion: The last known photograph: image via the Telegraph @Telegraph, 29 July 2015

American Hunter Killed Cecil, Beloved Lion That Was Lured Out of Its Sanctuary: Katie Rogers, New York Times, 28 July 2015

Cecil, a 13-year-old lion, wandered out of his sanctuary in a national park in Zimbabwe this month, following the scent of a potential snack.

At the other end of Cecil’s search was a lure, placed there by hunters who, conservationists say, wanted their prey to cross into unprotected territory so they could kill him.

Cecil, well known to those who visited the Hwange National Park in western Zimbabwe for his jet black mane, was beheaded, according to conservation officials. His corpse was left to rot in the sun.

Zimbabwean officials said that Dr. Walter J. Palmer, an American hunter known for killing big game with a bow and arrow, killed Cecil, and was being sought on poaching charges.

Johnny Rodrigues of the Zimbabwe Conservation Task Force said Cecil was lured out of a protected game preserve one night in early July by a hunting party that tied a dead animal to a car.

The first shot, which the authorities say came from Dr. Palmer’s crossbow, was not enough to kill the lion. Cecil was tracked for nearly two days before Dr. Palmer killed him with a gun.

The details of the lion’s death have outraged nature enthusiasts and conservationists around the world who are troubled by wealthy big-game hunters who pay tens of thousands of dollars for licenses to kill protected animals for trophies and sport.

Hunting advocates and some conservationists argue that, if done responsibly, the selling of expensive licenses to big-game hunters can help pay for efforts to protect endangered species. In 2013, the Dallas Safari Club in Texas fought for the right to sell at auction a permit for the hunting of a black rhino in Namibia, setting off a debate over the practice.

The group argued that a limited hunt helped thin the herd of weak rhinos so the population could grow, and that the $350,000 paid in 2014 by a reality show host to hunt the animal would help fund Namibia’s conservation efforts.

In 2009, Dr. Palmer, a dentist from Minnesota, paid $45,000 at an auction to help preserve an elk habitat in California.

A big-game hunter who prides himself on his skills in hunting without firearms, Dr. Palmer was profiled in 2009 in The New York Times, when he shot an elk from 75 yards with a compound bow in pursuit of a new bowhunting record. The Telegraph in Britain reported on Tuesday that he paid around $54,000 for the opportunity to hunt a lion.


 #CecilTheLion was killed for 'sport', now @piersmorgan and @rockygervais are calling for action: image via VICE News @vicenews, 28 July 2015

Embedded image permalink

We share your concern about the issue surrounding #CecilTheLion and we're working to gather the facts: image via US Fish and Wildlife @USFWS, 29 July 2015
 
#CecilTheLion rest in peace beautiful beast. We hope your story changes history for the better: image via HaatiChai @HaatiCha, 28 July 2015

Tuesday 28 July 2015

Underground

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The Day in Photos – July 21, 2015

A homeless person sleeps back dropped by wallpaper of New York city on the windows of a casino near the main railway station during a police raid in Bucharest, Romania. Police in Romania have searched the capital's sewers in an anti-drug raid and detained dozens of people, mostly homeless, including the suspected ringleader, for questioning on suspicion of trafficking: photo by Vadim Ghirda/AP, 21 July 2015
 
BUCHAREST, Romania, 21 July 2015 (Associated Press) — Police in Romania have searched the capital’s sewers in an anti-drug raid and detained dozens of people for questioning on suspicion of trafficking.

Anti-narcotics officers and prosecutors who investigate organized crime went down into the sewers, where some of the alleged drug traffickers live, and also conducted searches in several nearby buildings on Tuesday.

Prosecutors said in a statement that the probe is centered on breaking up a drug trafficking ring with 23 known members, who were selling methadone, heroin and other drugs. Dozens were detained for questioning, including the 41-year-old suspected ringleader.

Media reported that police found paintings, televisions, drugs and money in the sewers, but prosecutors couldn’t immediately confirm that.

Hundreds of people are believed to live in the sewers.




Florin Hora, known as Bruce Lee, a leader of the homeless people inhabiting the sewers and suspected ringleader of a drug trafficking network, watches special police officers as he sits handcuffed near the main railway station during a police raid in Bucharest, Romania.. Police in Romania have searched the capital’s sewers in an anti-drug raid and detained dozens of people, mostly homeless, including the suspected ringleader, for questioning on suspicion of trafficking: photo by Vadim Ghirda/AP, 21 July 2015

Bruce Lee, un.king of the underground

King of the Park at Gara de Nord | by JoB Colours and More

This man told me that he is the King of the homeless at the park near the main train station in bucharest. He showed me the entrance to the sewer tunnels, where they can sleep during winter: photo by Joe, 15 July 2011
 
heroinomanie. | by alainboucheret

heroinmanie (bucharest). met the underground world of bucareste there several years every time I went to the Roma people see I passed and I realized a little about this .parias addicts community. They began to seek refuge in the sewers, there are nearly two decades after the fall of communism. Now this strange and literally underground community has joined together to become a famille. Des hundred people live in the tunnels of the sewers of Bucharest network not just adults, but children have nowhere to go but here they food and water and chaleur. ils almost all HIV and tuberculosis. it can be dangerous. To be admitted inside their world, there is a leader, an elusive and mysterious man known as Bruce Lee.un king by those who live underground. He also wears medals full heals the corp has a large pack of dogs with him .: photo by Alain, 24 April 2015

Hidden Bucharest | by Sentamashi

 Hidden Bucharest: photo by Sen Kadokura, 3 April 2015

goin' Underground... | by god.universe

Goin' Underground. Bucharest, Romania.
: photo by Sven Beck, 31 August 2006


disco sewer | by i like it! what is it?

disco sewer. i took this in bucharest. i really don't like that city. I think the way the casino lights were reflected in the puddle at top of the sewer cover was pretty funny. it really shows my feelings about the way things are there.: photo by Dacian Groza, 27 September 2006
 
heaven is in a bucharest sewer | by dtailed

heaven is in a bucharest sewer: photo by Tudor Prisăcariu, 30 October 2007

Darkness. Shadowy, shadowy,  yet unbroken 

Paturica tine de cald. | by Ion Cristian

Paturica tine de cald: photo by Ion Cristian, 23 October 2014
 
Hope, Loneliness & Degradation | by Avisionn Photo
 
Hope, Loneliness & Degradation. Bucharest, Romania.: photo by Avisionn Photo, 18 September 2012

DSC03534.JPG | by moroiu

[Homeless, Bucharest]: photo by moroiu, 25 April 2008

lalele | by Ion Cristian

lalele: photo by Ion Cristian, 23 May 2014
 
in the streets of bucharest | by energeticspell

in the streets of bucharest: photo by Cinty Ionescu, 16 July 2008

Uitare. | by Ion Cristian

Uitare: photo by Ion Cristian, 2 July 2014

Nichita Stănescu: Decree
 
I may be forgotten, because
I don’t care for my arms. I may lose them.
I may be abandoned, because
I don’t love my legs. I can walk
just as well with air.
I may be left alone, because
my blood will pour into the sea
in any case.
There’s room. My ribs have all risen
like sea walls.
There’s enough light. My eyes
see only one mask.
But it does not yet exist,
so there’s room, there’s room, there is.


Nichita Stănescu, b. Ploiesti, Romania (1933-1983): Decree, from Necuvintele (The Unwords), 1969, translated from the Romanian by Sean Cotter in Wheel with a Single Spoke and Other Poems, 2012


my homeless neighbour | by energeticspell

my homeless neighbour (bucharest): photo by Cinty Ionescu, 18 August 2008

Marieta Maglas: Latina Time
 
Once all of them have won a very special princess prize,
the game is over....
and they will never buy another one.....

Alis grave nil.
Nothing is heavy to those who have wings

And maybe we cannot understand what's going on,
but we can understand that the players
skillfully hide behind the walls....
They think....

Cessante ratione legis cessat ipsa lex.
When the reason for the law ceases, the law itself ceases.

We seek escape from reality, we undermine our self-esteem.
Maybe we are unable to see them, but we need to talk about this.
And maybe they do not trust us when we tell them to come to us if they need
to talk....
....about those who become their victims......

Sed ipse Spiritus postulat pro nobis, gemitibus inenarrabilibus.
But the same Spirit intercedes incessantly for us, with inexpressible sighs.


Marieta Maglas, b. Suceava, Nord-Est, Romania: Latina Time, from Eschatological Regression, 2015

Untitled | by Ion Cristian

Tragedy: photo by Ion Cristian, 26 June 2014
Nichita Stănescu: Knot 23

I stole my childhood body,
I swaddled it and put it in a basket of rushes,—
and threw it in the river
so it would go and die in the delta.

The unfortunate, tearful, tragic fisherman, full of pity,
brought me the body in his arms
just now.

Nichita Stănescu, b. Ploiesti, Romania (1933-1983): Knot 23, from Noduri şi semne (Knots and Signs), 1982, translated from the Romanian by Sean Cotter in Wheel with a Single Spoke and Other Poems, 2012


Zi torida. | by Ion Cristian

Zi torida: photo by Ion Cristian, 9 June 2014

Nichita Stãnescu:
The Keynote


The bone is a joy only when it's the forehead bone,
when it protects, does not disjoin,
as are the alkaline vertebrae
from the difficult depths of the flesh and the wedding.
I'm resigned to losing the habit
of my manner of being,
but not the desertion
preserved in the verb to be.

------------------------------------------------------

I will lose the habit of using my body,
giving birth to a Prince Charming of verbs,
as the wolf loses the habit of being a wolf,
of hunger.

I will lose the habit of stars in the heavens
as frozen water loses the habit of snowflakes.
I will take my frozen body
and give it to the young goats that they might graze it.

It was my lot, and easily given,
to lose the habit of being a man.
To lose the habit of living,
I needed only death with murder.

I find it hardest to lose the habit of wolves.
they are alone and on the snow.
Surely I must lose the habit of loneliness.
Surely I must lose the habit of snow.

For what remains, time departs, time returns.


Nichita Stănescu, b. Ploiesti, Romania (1933-1983): The Keynote, from Noduri şi semne (Knots and Signs), 1982, translated from the Romanian by Thomas Carlson and Vasile Poenaru in Bas-Relief with Heroes: Selected Poems 1960-1982, 1988

Darkness | by Ion Cristian

Darkness. Shadowy, shadowy,  yet unbroken (subway, Bucharest): photo by Ion Cristian, 22 January 2015
 
București (Bucharest, Romania) - Gara de Nord (metro station) | by jaime.silva

Bucuresti (Bucharest, Romania) -- Gara de Nord (metro station)): photo by jaime.silva, 17 August 2010

Massimo Branca: Catalina, Child of the Underground

Picture of Catalina at the entrance to a tunnel.

Catalina at seventeen, 2013,
seen at the entry to the Bucharest sewer tunnel where she had been living for five years: photo by Massimo Branca via National Geographic PROOF, 17 June 2015 (Launch Gallery)

One Girl’s Tunnel Life: Under the Streets of Bucharest: Coburn Dukehart, National Geographic PROOF, 17 June 2015

Photographer and anthropologist Massimo Branca first met Catalina in 2013 when she was 17 years old.

“Her large, black eyes seemed to become more mysterious the longer I looked at them,” he said. “It took me a lot to understand just how much she had been through in her short life.”

Picture of Catalina in Romania

Catalina, 17 years old, 2013. After being abandoned at birth, she grew up in an orphanage, then lived on the street and in Bucharest’s tunnels starting at age 12.: photo by Massimo Branca via National Geographic PROOF, 17 June 2015 (Launch Gallery)

At the time, Catalina was living with a group of homeless people in, around, and under the Gara de Nord train station in Bucharest, Romania. She was left in the hospital at birth, raised in an orphanage until age six, then was reunited with her family only to run away at age 12. At 13 she started using intravenous drugs.

Branca photographed Catalina’s life as part of a larger project called "Under the Surface," which documents the people who live in the tunnels under Bucharest. Hot, humid, and cramped, the tunnels were part of former Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceausescu's plan to centrally heat the city. Now, they are home to multiple generations of street children and adults who access them via small craters in the ground.

During winter, up to 40 people occupy the tunnel to stay warm, living together in a space of only a few square meters. 
During winter, up to 40 people occupy the tunnel to stay warm, living together in a space of only a few square meters: photo by Massimo Branca via National Geographic PROOF, 17 June 2015 (Launch Gallery)

Branca and his friend Igor Marchesan first gained access to the tunnels in July 2013, after receiving permission from the de facto leader -- a man who goes by the name of Bruce Lee -- who controls all the ins and outs of tunnel life, including food and electricity. Branca had to convince Lee that they weren’t out to produce a quick exposé, but rather wanted to study the group’s social relationships from an anthropological perspective.

“I want people to understand what happens in street life and to be more tolerant and open, in case they accidentally meet these people -- or meet homeless people anywhere,” said Branca. “I want to enable the audience to imagine what underground life is like, without their eyes being clouded by pity, judgment, or fear.”

Boredom is common in the tunnels, with few available activities apart from using drugs. Although she started using intravenous drugs at age 13, Catalina also liked to write.

Boredom is common in the tunnels, with few available activities apart from using drugs. Although she started using intravenous drugs at age 13, Catalina also liked to write: photo by Massimo Branca via National Geographic PROOF, 17 June 2015 (Launch Gallery)

Picture of dishes in tunnels underground

Washed dishes and a copy of Leonardo da Vinci’s painting “The Last Supper” are seen in the tunnel. The tunnel’s inhabitants use generators to produce electricity for lights, fans, stereos, refrigerators, and television: photo by Massimo Branca via National Geographic PROOF, 17 June 2015 (Launch Gallery)

According to Branca, most of the tunnel residents suffer from tuberculosis, hepatitis, or HIV, and are addicted to drugs including heroin, mephrodone, and Aurolac -- a silver paint they inhale from plastic bags. He says most of the people end up in the tunnels because of a lack of a stable home life -- many are former orphans, people exiled from their families after contracting HIV, or folks who ran away from poverty or abuse.

Catalina and Bruce Lee (center) are seen during a blackout. Before the arrival of Lee—the de facto leader of the tunnels—the tunnels were only lit by candle.

Catalina and Bruce Lee (center) are seen during a blackout. Before the arrival of Lee -- the de facto leader of the tunnels -- the tunnels were only lit by candle: photo by Massimo Branca via National Geographic PROOF, 17 June 2015 (Launch Gallery)

Branca says that while at first glance the environment can appear shocking to a casual observer, he doesn’t want viewers to be shocked by his work. Instead, he wants people to feel compassion and understanding for his subjects. He wants viewers to understand how the tunnel dwellers came to be there, and that people like Catalina are worthy of empathy, compassion, and love.

“I think shocking images would make an observer feel more distant from these people, and my aim is exactly the opposite,” he said. “I want to make the audience understand that they could be in the same situation, and I would like people who see my pictures to change their behavior toward these kinds of issues.”

For a while Catalina tried to stay off drugs. During this period she ate and slept most of the time, trying to recover and find relief from her pain.

For a while Catalina tried to stay off drugs. During this period she ate and slept most of the time, trying to recover and find relief from her pain: photo by Massimo Branca via National Geographic PROOF, 17 June 2015 (Launch Gallery)

Despite being an anthropological observer, Branca says he still tried to help Catalina, even while documenting her life.

In January 2014 she passed out after inhaling fumes from a faulty generator and badly burned her leg on one of the tunnel’s heating pipes. Branca took her to the hospital, and later to a safe house, where she stayed off drugs for a few weeks and swore to him she would quit for good. But she begged him to take her back to the tunnels, and shortly afterwards she began using drugs again.

“I was a human being, and was trying to think of some way to help her. I felt really close to her -- like she was something between a sister and a daughter to me,” Branca said. “I knew she wasn’t in good health, but a lot of other people living in the tunnel were in worse condition. She was quite independent, and I didn’t think about the possibility of her dying.”

After a couple of weeks of abstinence, Catalina couldn’t resist using drugs any longer. She wrote: “It’s too late, I’m a drug addict and there is nothing left to do.”
 
After a couple of weeks of abstinence, Catalina couldn’t resist using drugs any longer. She wrote: “It’s too late, I’m a drug addict and there is nothing left to do.”: photo by Massimo Branca via National Geographic PROOF, 17 June 2015 (Launch Gallery)

But on May 28, 2014, one month after she turned 18, Catalina died. The official cause was listed as cardiopulmonary arrest -- but unofficially, it was from AIDS and an infection at a drug injection site that traveled to her brain.

Branca was in Italy when he heard the news. He rushed to Romania for her funeral -- mostly paid for by her street family.

Catalina died on May 28, 2014, one month after she turned 18.  Her boyfriend, Santo (bottom right), asked to be buried near her. He is also HIV-positive.
 
Catalina died on May 28, 2014, one month after she turned 18. Her boyfriend, Santo (bottom right), asked to be buried near her. He is also HIV-positive: photo by Massimo Branca via National Geographic PROOF, 17 June 2015 (Launch Gallery)

“Many say that these people could have a different kind of life if they choose -- get a job and have stability,” says Branca. “But they don’t consider that after many months or years closed to other people, they consider each other a family.”

Massimo Branca is an anthropologist and photographer living in Italy and Romania. He is a member of Collettivo Fotosocial, an Italian association of documentary photographers that uses visual storytelling to produce positive social change.

His project "Under the Surface" recently received a Magnum 30 Under 30 award for documentary photography. He is currently working on a project following Catalina’s birth family, documenting the many hardships they are facing in life.

Branca says Catalina used to smile with caution and a little shame, because a couple of years earlier she had lost her front teeth.

Branca says Catalina used to smile with caution and a little shame, because a couple of years earlier she had lost her front teeth: photo by Massimo Branca via National Geographic PROOF, 17 June 2015 (Launch Gallery)

Down the rabbit hole with Bruce Lee (May 2014)
Beneath the streets of Romania's capital, a living hell: Paraic O'Brien and Jim Wickens, Channel Four News, 20 May 2014

Deep under the streets of Bucharest -- in Europe, in the 21st century -- there is a network of tunnels and sewers that is home to hundreds of men, women and children stricken by drug abuse, HIV and TB.

You can travel to the heart of the EU from Bucharest's Gara du Nord, but our journey will take us just a few metres.

On the surface, the newest member of the European club has worked hard to redefine itself. But there's another Romania, underground.

When Ceausescu fell there were tens of thousands of children in orphanages and in state "care" in Romania. But in 1990 a series of reports revealed what a nightmarish misnomer that was. Scenes of neglect and cruelty reminiscent of the concentration camps.

So what happened to those children?

We've been told that some moved into the tunnels underneath Bucharest. Drug addiction is rife, some have had children of their own.

The streets gangs of Bucharest, who live in the sewers

Photo courtesy of Radu Ciorniciuc/Casa Journalist via Channel 4 News, 20 May 2014

The entrance to this underworld is a hole in the pavement on a traffic island in front of the station. By late afternoon they start to wake up, clambering up out of the ground like the undead.

Among them is a little boy, Nicu, who looks about 12. We find out later that "little" Nicu is in fact 17 but his development has been stunted by the drug abuse. He agrees to send word down that we would like to meet the boss.

This underworld, we're told, has an overlord and you only get to go down by invitation. A couple of hours later and word comes back up: he will see us now.

On our hands and knees we pothole down into the darkness and a parallel universe. It's the heat that hits you first. These old tunnels were part of Ceausescu's grand design to centrally heat the city.

Then there's the smell: a metallic paint called Aurolac, snorted by the addicts from small black bags. Next up the music.

The streets gangs of Bucharest, who live in the sewers
 
Photo courtesy of Radu Ciorniciuc/Casa Journalist via Channel 4 News, 20 May 2014

The whole place is wired with electricity, there's a stereo system pumping out dance music. If they had a club night in hell it would feel like this.

We're in the first chamber: they call it The Office. You try not to gawp. Out of the corner of your eye, a woman with a syringe between her legs; a little boy stares at you with the Aurolac bag at his mouth, pumping slowly, like a black heart.

Everyone here is HIV positive, a quarter have TB. They're all on their way to "the counter".

Bruce Lee, King of the Sewers

Photo courtesy of Radu Ciorniciuc/Casa Journalist via Channel 4 News, 20 May 2014
 
The man behind the counter is called "Bruce Lee" (pictured above) after his street fighting days. He points to a tattoo on his inner thigh, it reads: "Bruce Lee, King of the Sewers".

He will be our guide down Bucharest's surreal, tragic rabbit hole.


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Photo courtesy of Radu Ciorniciuc/Casa Journalist via Channel 4 News, 20 May 2014

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Remembering Catalina: photo by Jim Wickens via Channel 4 News, 13 June 2014

Is death the only escape? (13 June 2014)

Is death the only escape from life in Romania's tunnels? Catalina was one of the main characters in our film about life in Bucharest's tunnels. After the film was shown, she died from Aids-related heart failure. Channel 4 News returned for her funeral.: Paraic O'Brien and Jim Wickens, Channel 4 News, 13 June 2014

Deep beneath the streets of Romania's capital, a living hell exists, The last time we met Catalina had been underground, deep in the Bucharest tunnel system that Bruce Lee and his gang of homeless drug addicts call home.

She was in the queue to buy drugs, perched on one of the heating pipes in front of an icon of the Virgin Mary. The ring of infected syringe sores around her neck a jagged reminder of her drug-addicted life in the sewers. "This is where I destroyed myself," she had told us almost prophetically that day.

But it is too late for Catalina. She is dead. She collapsed and died in the tunnels last week after suffering from Aids, chronic pneumonia and heart failure which cut short her painfully short life. She had just turned 18.

Channel 4 News was invited back to Romania  and to her wake. We were ushered through the cobblestones and courtyard, past children playing in the dust and adults weeping by the door of the tiny tin-roofed shack.

Veiled in a bridal gown, as is custom for Roma girls who die before their wedding day

Catalina lay in the open casket, veiled in a bridal gown, as is custom for Roma girls who die before their wedding day. A priest stood to one side, chanting prayers as her sisters stood over her, fussing over the veil or rearranging her beloved pink CD player that they had stuffed under her pillow, music to keep her company in the grave.

As the candles flickered late into the night, Catalina's friends began to arrive in the house, familiar faces from her home in the tunnels, coming to pay their last respects.

"We met in a foster house named Pinocchio"

We found Eliza, one of Catalina's best friends whom we filmed joking around in the tunnels weeks earlier. "We met in a foster house named Pinocchio. I hanged out with her everywhere. She was like a sister to me," she told us, tears streaming down her face.

One of five siblings born into acute poverty, Catalina's parents had abandoned her as a baby, sending her to live in a children's institution called Pinocchio's on the edge of Bucharest, for the first years of her life.

It was a factor, we were told later by the head of the institution, that had impacted deeply upon her life, a lifetime lacking in love that had drawn her deeply into life within the sewers -- Bruce Lee and the tight-knit gang underground she said had become the family Catalina had never had.

"For her, getting some attention was an extraordinary experience," said Carmen, her sister, "because now she felt valued in those moments. She was happy if anybody was looking out for her or giving her any attention," she said.

The procession of mourners continued to stream in, silent faces, clutching her hand, kissing her forehead, whispering their goodbyes.

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Remembering Catalina:
photo by Jim Wickens via Channel 4 News, 13 June 2014


The new shack above ground; raid and eviction (22 July 2015)

Romania's 'sewer people' evicted from tunnel network: Channel 4 News, 22 July 2015

Police have raided a network of tunnels and sewers in Bucharest, home to a community of drug addicts. Bruce Lee, who led the underground community has been arrested along with 5 others.

Police have carried out a large-scale raid on a network of Bucharest tunnels and sewers, home to hundreds of men, women and children stricken by drug abuse and TB. Police said the operation followed months of surveillance on what they described as an organised criminal gang and reports of child prostitution.

Over the past year, some of the so-called 'sewer people' constructed a shack by the tunnel entrance in an attempt to build a better life above ground. This was the complex just last week -- before the raid took place:

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Photo via Channel 4 News, 22 July 2015
 
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Photo via Channel 4 News, 22 July 2015

It had 20 rooms, beds for 60 people, kitchens, internet access and a pool in the courtyard.

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Photo via Channel 4 News, 22 July 2015

The tunnels and shack were a form of shelter for an alienated community -- many of them born in Ceausescu's notorious orphanages.

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Photo via Channel 4 News, 22 July 2015

Police seized knives, swords, stolen paintings and a large quantity of stolen cash. They also claimed they raided an upmarket villa -- away from the tunnels -- believed to be owned by network's leader, Bruce Lee.

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Photo via Channel 4 News, 22 July 2015

The tunnels were a destination for people looking to buy synthetic heroin substitutes and to inhale the fumes of a metallic paint called aurolac.

The self-styled 'king of the sewers', Bruce Lee may be imprisoned -- but another gang lord was bound to take his place. And it's likely to do little for Bucharest's people of the tunnels.

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Photo via Channel 4 News, 22 July 2015

The Private Life of the Undead -- As It Was (May 2014)
 
'Sewer children': Beneath the Baroque mansions and iconic squares of central Bucharest lies a second city that no tourist gets to see - an underground kingdom of outcasts and drug addicts living in the city's vast network of sewers

Sewer children': Beneath the Baroque mansions and iconic squares of central Bucharest lies a second city that no tourist gets to see -- an underground kingdom of outcasts and drug addicts living in the city's vast network of sewers: photo by Radu Ciorniciuc/Casa Journalist via Daily Mail, 19 May 2014

Drugs and disease: Here, everyone is HIV-positive and a quarter have TB, yet they are left to rot in the darkness, huddling against heating pipes and sniffing glue to stay warm

Drugs and disease: Here, everyone is HIV-positive and a quarter have TB, yet they are left to rot in the darkness, huddling against heating pipes and sniffing glue to stay warm: photo by Radu Ciorniciuc/Casa Journalist via Daily Mail, 19 May 2014

Hell's disco: The whole place is wired with electricity and there's a stereo system pumping out dance music

Hell's disco: The whole place is wired with electricity and there's a stereo system pumping out dance music: photo by Radu Ciorniciuc/Casa Journalist via Daily Mail, 19 May 2014

Dog days: The place is full of dogs - there's just enough room in the tunnel to let a group of puppies scamper passed

Dog days: The place is full of dogs -- there's just enough room in the tunnel to let a group of puppies scamper past: photo by Radu Ciorniciuc/Casa Journalist via Daily Mail, 19 May 2014

Mainline to addiction: A resident inspects a needle containing a synthetic drug similar to methadone

Mainline to addiction: A resident inspects a needle containing a synthetic drug similar to methadone: photo by Radu Ciorniciuc/Casa Journalist via Daily Mail, 19 May 2014

No invite, no go! Beginning outside Bucharest's Gara de Nord, you need an 'invitation' from Bruce Lee (standing) to be let in

No invite, no go! Beginning outside Bucharest's Gara de Nord, you need an 'invitation' from Bruce Lee (standing) to be let in: photo by Radu Ciorniciuc/Casa Journalist via Daily Mail, 19 May 2014

More drugs: A synthetic drug similar to methadone is also on offer and injected

More drugs: A synthetic drug similar to methadone is also on offer and injected: photo by Radu Ciorniciuc/Casa Journalist via Daily Mail, 19 May 2014

Puppy love: There is a twisted order to Bruce Lee's underground fiefdom. Social workers say he tries to protect the young ones from sexual predators

Puppy love: There is a twisted order to Bruce Lee's underground fiefdom. Social workers say he tries to protect the young ones from sexual predators: photo by Radu Ciorniciuc/Casa Journalist via Daily Mail, 19 May 2014

Hard life: Lee looks through pictures of his friends and of him as a child. he was abandoned by his mother aged three

Hard life: Lee looks through pictures of his friends and of him as a child. he was abandoned by his mother aged three: photo by Radu Ciorniciuc/Casa Journalist via Daily Mail, 19 May 2014

Survivor: Lee has been living in the sewers since he was a child, with many others that are now dead

Survivor: Lee has been living in the sewers since he was a child, with many others that are now dead: photo by Radu Ciorniciuc/Casa Journalist via Daily Mail, 19 May 2014

Tragic: Bruce Lee puts his arm around Nico. Last year Nico contracted full blown AIDS and nearly died in hospital.

Tragic: Bruce Lee puts his arm around Nico. Last year Nico contracted full blown AIDS and nearly died in hospital: photo by Radu Ciorniciuc/Casa Journalist via Daily Mail, 19 May 2014

Safe and warm: He pays protection money to a local gang. Also, addicts are less likely to die down here because he offers them a sort of safety and a warm place to sleep

Safe and warm: He pays protection money to a local gang. Also, addicts are less likely to die down here because he offers them a sort of safety and a warm place to sleep: photo by Radu Ciorniciuc/Casa Journalist via Daily Mail, 19 May 2014

Decor: There are pictures on the wall in some rooms while one has a television with a chintzy china cat on top. Another has artificial grass

Decor: There are pictures on the wall in some rooms while one has a television with a chintzy china cat on top. Another has artificial grass: photo by Radu Ciorniciuc/Casa Journalist via Daily Mail, 19 May 2014

Not scum: Lee says he wants to prove that 'we are not like what they believe, the scum of society, rats or prisoners, or whatever'

Not scum: Lee says he wants to prove that 'we are not like what they believe, the scum of society, rats or prisoners, or whatever': photo by Radu Ciorniciuc/Casa Journalist via Daily Mail, 19 May 2014

Nico says: 'They come to me, for food, warmth, parental advice, understanding. We are a family, we want to be a family here, and that's what we are'

Nico says: 'They come to me, for food, warmth, parental advice, understanding. We are a family, we want to be a family here, and that's what we are': photo by Radu Ciorniciuc/Casa Journalist via Daily Mail, 19 May 2014

Free for all: A dog tries his luck in a cauldron of drugs on 'The Counter'

Free for all: A dog tries his luck in a cauldron of drugs on 'The Counter': photo by Radu Ciorniciuc/Casa Journalist via Daily Mail, 19 May 2014

Happy family? Channel 4 News' portrait of Lee, Nico and aluca is a dappled, confusing, family snapshot full of darkness and light

Happy family? Channel 4 News' portrait of Lee, Nico and Raluca is a dappled, confusing, family snapshot full of darkness and light: photo by Radu Ciorniciuc/Casa Journalist via Daily Mail, 19 May 2014